A Universe of Scale - Stars edge closer

Categories

Science

Technology

Can communication be transmitted over distance without the need for electromagnetic radiation "travelling" to carry the message? Hartmut Mueller of the Institute for Space-Energy-Research in Wolfratsthausen, Germany, says it can.

Mueller has developed a theory of global scaling, which states that matter and energy organize in accordance with principles of scale. The "nodes" or preferred points of concentration, may be distant in linear space, but adjacent in "logarithimic space", allowing for instant connectivity over distances that are difficult to bridge with today's radio technologies.

First experiments have been successful. This is a future technology worth watching out for - it could well revolutionize communications (and more) in the coming decades.

An Introduction to Global-Scaling-Theory
 

The "Sacrament" of Physical Measuring

From the time of Galileo and Newton we have known and studied properties that are common to all material phenomena: space, time and motion. These are physical properties, which explains why physics holds a fundamental position among all of the natural sciences. Till the end of the 20th century physics dealt with the exploration of quantitative relationship between these fundamental properties and their derivatives. In the centre of its epistemological paradigm was physical measuring becoming something like the "sacrament" of scientific production.

At the same time, this paradigm brought about the end of the ancient student-master relationship between natural sciences and mathematics. In the academic enterprise of today the mathematician only develops the models. It is the physicist (chemist, biologist, geologist) who decides which of the models matches the measurement and gets applied. As a result of this division of labour mathematics was more and more instrumentalised‚ and hence isolated from its intellectual source - the natural sciences.

And so it was that physics itself was demoted to a mere interpreter of models and ideas that got completely out of touch with reality ... and this to an ever greater extent. To calculate a modern physical model "up to last digit" and to verify it by measurement, today is possible only for the most simplified cases. Physical laws have degenerated to nothing more than hair-splitting; physical facts independent of a model they describe hardly exist anymore.

A Scientific Gold Mine

The scientific division of labour according to the example of large-scale industries also had its positive consequences ("Nothing so bad that it wouldn't be useful" - an old Russian saying goes). The physical compatibility of completely different mathematical models made it necessary to bring precision of physical measurements to unprecedented heights. Over decades a priceless colossal data base was accumulated. It contains the spectral lines of atoms and molecules, the masses of the elementary particles and atomic nuclei, atomic radii, dimensions, distances, masses and periods of revolution of the planets, moons and asteroids, the physical characteristics of stars and galaxies, and much more. The need for measurements of the highest precision promoted the development of mathematical statistics which in turn made it possible to include precise morphological and sociological data as well as data from evolutionary biology.

Ranging from elementary particles to galactic clusters this scientific data base extends over at least 55 orders of magnitude. Yet, despite its tremendous cosmological significance this data base has never been the object of an integrated (holistic) scientific investigation until 1982. The treasure lying at their feet was not seen by the labour-divided, mega-industrial scientific community.

First indication of the existence of this scientific gold mine came from biology. As the result of 12 years of research Cislenko published his work "Structure of Fauna And Flora With Regard to Body Size of Organisms" (published by Lomonosov-University Moscow, 1980). His work documents what is probably the most important biological discovery in the 20th century. Cislenko was able to prove that segments of increased species representation were repeated on the logarithmic line of body sizes in equal intervals (approx. 0.5 units of the decadic logarithm). The phenomenon is not explicable from a biological point of view. Why should mature individuals of amphibians, reptiles, fish, bird and mammals of different species find it similarly advantageous to have a body size in the range of 8 - 12 cm, 33 - 55 cm or 1,5 - 2,4 m? Cislenko assumed that competition in the plant and animal kingdoms occurs not only for food, water or other resources, but also for the best body sizes. Each species tries to occupy the advantageous intervals on the logarithmic scale where mutual pressure of competition also gave rise to crash zones. Cislenko, however,was not able to explain why both the crash zones and the overpopulated intervals on the logarithmic line are always of the same length and occur in equal distance from each other, nor could he figure out why only certain sizes would be advantageous for the survival of a species and what these advantages actually are.

Cislenko's work caused the German scientist Dr. Hartmut Müller to search for other scale-invariant distributions in physics, as the phenomenon of scaling has been well known to high-energy physics. In 1982 he was able to prove that there exist statistically identical frequency distributions with logarithmic-periodically recurrent maximums for the masses of atoms and atomic radii as well as for the rest masses and for life spans of elementary particles. Müller found similar frequency distributions along the logarithmic line of the sizes, orbits, masses, and revolution periods of the planets, moons and asteroids. Being a mathematician and physicist he did not fail to recognise the cause for this phenomenon in the existence of a standing pressure wave in the logarithmic space of the scales/measures.

The Logarithmic World of Scales

What actually is scale? Scale is what physics can measure. The result of a physical measurements is always a number with measuring unit, a physical quantity. Say, we have measured 12cm, 33cm and 90cm.Choosing as the standard measure (etalon) 1cm, we will get the number sequence 12 - 33 - 90 (without measurement unit, or as the physicist says: with unit 1). The distances between these numbers on the number line are 33 - 12 = 21 and 90 - 33 = 57. If we were to choose another measuring unit, such as the ell with 49,5cm, the number sequence will be 0,24 - 0,67 - 1,82. The distance between the numbers has changed. It is now 0,67 - 0,24 = 0,42 and 1,82 - 0,667 = 1,16. On the logarithmic line the distance will not change, no matter what measuring unit we choose, it remains constant. In our example, this distance mounts to one unit of the natural logarithm (with radix e = 2,71828...): ln 33 - ln 12 = ln 90 - ln 33 = ln 0,67 - ln 0,24 = ln 1,82 - ln 0,67 = 1. Physical values of measurement therefore own the remarkable feature of logarithmic invariance (scaling). So, in reality any scale is a logarithm.

Now it is interesting, that natural systems are not distributed evenly along the logarithmic line of the scales. There are "attractive" sections which are occupied by a great number of completely different natural systems; and there are "repulsive" sections that most natural systems will avoid. Growing crystals, organisms or populations that reach the limits of such sections on the logarithmic line, will either grow no more or will begin to disintegrate, or else will accelerate growth so as to overcome these sections as quickly as possible.

The institute for Space-Energy-Research i.m. Leonard Euler (IREF) was able to prove the same phenomenon also in demographics (stochastic of world-wide urban populations), economy (stochastic of national product, imports and exports world-wide) and business economy (stochastic of sales volume of large industrial and middle-class enterprises, stochastic of world-wide stock exchange values). The borders of "attractive" and "repulsive" segments on the logarithmic line of scales are easy to find because they recur regularly with a distance of 3 natural logarithmic units. This distance also defines the wavelength of the standing pressure wave: it is 6 units of the natural logarithm.

By its anti-nodes the global standing pressure wave replaces matter on the logarithmic line of scales, and concentrates matter in the node points. Thus, in the transit from wave peak (anti-node) to wave node there occurs a tendency of fusion, while at the transition from node point to anti-node disintegration tendencies arise. This process causes a logarithmic-periodical change of structure. Packed and unpacked systems alternately dominate on the logarithmic line of measures at distances of 3k, i.e. 3, 9, 27, 81 and 243 units of the natural logarithm.

Sound Waves In Logarithmic Space As Cause of Gravitation

The existence of a standing density wave in logarithmic space - for the first time in the history of physics - explains the origin of gravitation. The global flow of matter in direction of the node points of the standing density wave is the reason for the physical phenomenon of gravitational attraction. Thus, particles, atoms,molecules, celestial bodies, etc. - the scales/measures of which stabilise in the node points of the standing pressure wave - become gravitational attractors. In physical reality, therefore, the standing density wave in logarithmic space of scales also manifests as a global standing gravitational wave. In consequence, the exact identity of value for inert and gravitational masses of physical bodies (as it is claimed by physics today), independent of the body's density or material, can occur only in the exact node points of the global standing density wave. So far, systematic measurements to verify this postulate of Global-Scaling-Theory have not been carried out. The Institute of Solid-State-Physics at Friedrich Schiller university is now preparing free-fall experiments (Pseudo-Galileo-Tests) at the Bremen gravity tower in order to determine the possibility of material-related violation of the equivalence principle with a hitherto unmatched precision of less than 10-13. The Satellite Test of Equivalence Principle STEP planned for 2004, aspires&nb